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Middle Ages - Medieval period - /ˌmediˈiːvl/ - thời Trung cổ
Is a historical era in Europe that lasted roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance and Age of Discovery.
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Thực vật
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| evergreen tree | cây xanh quanh năm (tree/bush that has green leaves all through the year) | The nutmeg comes from a large evergreen tree. | | --- | --- | --- | | be thickly branched | có nhiều nhánh, dày, rậm rạp | The tree is thickly branched, giving it a bushy appearance. | | dense foliage /ˈfəʊliɪdʒ/ | tán lá dày | Its dense foliage provides good shade. | | tough, dark green oval leaves | lá cứng, hình ôvan, màu xanh lá cây đậm | The tree has tough, dark green oval leaves. | | small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers | những bông hoa nhỏ, màu vàng, hình chuông | In spring, it blooms with small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers. | | Pale yellow pear-shaped fruits | trái màu vàng nhạt, hình giống quả lê | The tree bears pale yellow pear-shaped fruits. | | purple-brown shiny seed | hạt bóng, màu nâu tím | Inside the fruit lies a purple-brown shiny seed. | | be encased in fleshy husk | được bọc trong lớp vỏ dày và mềm | The fruit is encased in a fleshy husk. | | a crimson covering | lớp phủ màu đỏ thẫm | The seed is wrapped in a crimson covering. | | ripe | chín | The spice is harvested when the fruit is ripe. | | spice | gia vị | Nutmeg is a popular spice used worldwide. | | plantation zones | khu đồn điền | They grew the spice in special plantation zones. | | seedling /ˈsiːdlɪŋ/ | cây con (a young plant that has grown from a seed) | Smugglers tried to steal nutmeg seedlings. |
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Thương mại
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| highly priced and costly | có giá trị cao, đắt đỏ | Mace is a highly priced and costly ingredient. |
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| an extremely valuable commodity | ||
| /kəˈmɒdəti/ | một mặt hàng cực kỳ giá trị | It was considered an extremely valuable commodity in trade. |
| flavouring, medicinal, and preservative agent | ||
| /məˈdɪsɪnl/ /prɪˈzɜːvətɪv/ | chất bảo quản, dùng trong y học và tạo hương vị | |
| Nutmeg was used at a flavouring, medicinal, and preservative agent | ||
| spare no expense | chi rất nhiều tiền, không tiếc tiền | Traders would spare no expense to get nutmeg. |
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Chính trị - quân sự
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| exclusive exporter | nhà xuất khẩu độc quyền | One nation became the exclusive exporter of the spice. |
|---|---|---|
| find oneself locked out of the market | bị loại khỏi thị trường | After the treaty, they found themselves locked out of the market. |
| neutral trading policy towards foreign powers | chính sách giao thương trung lập với các nước ngoài | The country followed a neutral trading policy. |
| compromise settlement | sự dàn xếp thỏa hiệp | The war ended with a compromise settlement. |
| hold a monopoly on | ||
| /məˈnɒpəli/ | nắm sự độc quyền về | They held a monopoly on the spice trade. |
| treaty | hiệp ước | |
| (a formal agreement between two or more countries) | The treaty granted control of the islands. | |
| seize sth by force | chiếm bằng vũ lực | The Dutch seized the Banda Islands by force. |
| smuggle | buôn lậu | They smuggled spices across enemy lines. |
| troop | quân đội | |
| (soldiers, especially in large groups) | Troops were sent to protect the plantations. | |
| fleet | hạm đội | |
| (a group of military ships commanded by the same person) | A fleet was dispatched to control the seas. | |
| without authority | ||
| /ɔːˈθɒrəti/ | không có thẩm quyền | |
| (official permission to do sth) | He acted without authority in the negotiation. |
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Địa lý
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| an island off the coast of Africa | một hòn đảo ngoài khơi châu Phi | Madagascar is an island off the coast of Africa. |
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| sliver of land | một dải đất hẹp | They traded a large island for a sliver of land. |
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product - goods - commodity - merchandise - produce
⇒ things that are produced to be sold.
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price - cost - value - expense - worth
⇒ the amount of money that you have to pay for something.
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Giao thông và sản xuất
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| driverless (a) self-driving (a) autonomous (a)
| /ɔːˈtɑːnəməs/ | không người lái (3 từ) | Driverless technology is changing the transport industry. |
|---|---|---|
| autonomous (a) | 1. (of a country, a region or an organization) able to govern itself or control its own affairs | |
| = independent |
• Teachers aim to help children become autonomous learners | | vehicle automation /ˈviːəkl/ | tự động hóa phương tiện | Vehicle automation can reduce human error. | | automation in doing sth | sự tự động hóa trong làm điều gì | Automation in car manufacturing increases efficiency. | | automated mobility | sự di chuyển tự động | Automated mobility will shape future transport. | | driver assistance systems | hệ thống hỗ trợ người lái | Driver assistance systems improve safety. | | manufacture (n) [U] mass production | the process of producing goods in large quantities (2 từ) | Robotic car manufacture is becoming more common. | | manufacturing (n) [U] | the business or industry of producing goods in large quantities in factories | • Many jobs in manufacturing were lost during the recession. • The company has established its first manufacturing base in Europe. • manufacturing industry | | reliability | độ tin cậy | | | flexibility | độ linh hoạt | | | implementation of sth [U] /ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃn/ | việc triển khai | The implementation of new systems will take time. | | be challenged by existing mobility models | bị thách thức bởi các mô hình di chuyển hiện tại | Existing mobility models may be challenged soon. | | vehicles' average annual mileage /ˈmaɪlɪdʒ/ | số miles trung bình hàng năm của phương tiện | Vehicles' average annual mileage may increase. | | mobility demand can be met by far fewer vehicles | nhu cầu di chuyển có thể đáp ứng với ít xe hơn | Mobility demand can be met by far fewer vehicles. | | manufacture far fewer vehicles to meet demand | sản xuất ít xe hơn để đáp ứng nhu cầu | We can manufacture far fewer vehicles to meet demand. | | urban areas with significant travel demand | khu đô thị có nhu cầu đi lại cao | Urban areas with significant travel demand benefit from shared vehicles. | | collision | tai nạn giao thông | • road collisions • a collision between two trains |
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Nghiên cứu & phát triển
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